Research shows that patients who say they have memory problems are more likely to develop full-blown dementia.

But a new study from Pennsylvania State University finds that many of the questions researchers commonly ask older people about memory are confusing or anxiety-provoking — flaws that could weaken research findings. The study revealed “wide variation” in how people interpreted the questions and decided how to respond, said Nikki Hill, an assistant professor of nursing who led the project. It was published in the Gerontologist.

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